Breast Cancer

An overview of breast cancer majority of the origins of breast epithelial tissues (breast cancer), Minorities can be derived from a variety of non-breast epithelial organizations (sarcoma), the duality can be seen mixed in carcinosarcoma. The incidence of breast cancer and deaths in the world, are more obviously regional differences, Western countries for the high morbidity (particularly in the United States, women account for the incidence of cancer in the first place), Southeast Asian countries and the incidence rate lower; In China, according to statistics reported that the incidence of cervical cancer after. Crowd incidence of 23 / 100,000; Systemic various malignant tumors accounted for 7 ~ 10%. Pathology Disease (1) Causes : with other systemic cancer, breast cancer etiology is not completely clear, has confirmed the incidence of certain factors still exist in a number of controversies. Most scholars believe that the pre-menopausal and post-menopausal estrogen is to stimulate the obvious risk of breast cancer; Clinical data and statistics The incidence of breast cancer over the age of 40 ~ 60 years old, Among them, 45 ~ 49 years (of menopause), and 60-64-year-old up to see. Animal experiments also confirmed that excessive estrogen to mice, induced breast cancer; with a high ethnic rats ovarian cancer can prevent the occurrence of breast cancer, which can show that the estrogen in the pathogenesis of breast cancer an important role. On estrogen further research shows that Estrone and estradiol carcinogenic effect and is the former role of the strongest, Estriol non-carcinogenic. Some scholars believe, unmarried, not education or lactating women's breast cancer incidence is high, But other results were negative view of the above, the relevant issue in this regard is still highly controversial. A lot of the literature describes a family history of breast cancer for women with the breast cancer incidence rate than those without family history 15 times, suggest genetic factors in the pathogenesis of the important role. According to the National Cancer Institute reported that the consumption of high-fat diet and obesity in women, a higher prevalence of breast cancer; Women numerous chest X-ray photography or irradiation easily lead to the occurrence of breast cancer. In addition, some benign breast diseases, such as cystic breast disease, fibroadenoma, Milk intraductal papilloma, etc. with the incidence of breast cancer is certainly related. (2) pathological types : breast cancer pathologic classifications more from the clinical reality, more concise, practical method is based on the tumor cell differentiation divided into low and differentiation high two categories. 1. Low differentiation of breast cancer : is characterized by low levels of cell differentiation, a high degree of malignancy. (1) hardware cancer : This type of the most common, representing a total of 2 / 3. Slice see fewer cells, the smaller the volume, and which was of the cords and flake with; During more fibrous tissue. Clinical characteristics of tumor is smaller, hard; High degree of malignancy, that is early transfer. (2) medullary carcinoma : This rare type. Slice see more cancer cells, the volume larger, closely arranged, rope and flake distribution; Fiber cells of interstitial little. Clinical characteristics of a larger mass, texture is relatively soft, prone ulcer; High degree of malignancy, often early transfer. (3) diffuse carcinoma (also known as inflammatory carcinoma) : Few see. See cancer biopsy showed diffuse growth, skin and lymphatic capillaries were filled with a large number of cancer cells could form peg; cell interstitial little fiber, a marked edema and infiltration of lymphocytes and other. This type of breast cancer clinical manifestations are quite unique, the main features of skin edema, colors dishes. and the rapid development of tumors often involving the entire breast with no apparent limitations can be palpable mass; Sometimes performance can be volatile milk dry skin, diffuse subtype, such as thickening of armor, it is also known as Kolchuga cancer. This type of cancer occurs more frequently in young women, a high degree of malignancy, early metastasis and wide, often found on newly diagnosed with distant metastasis, the prognosis is poor, many died within a short time. (4) mucinous carcinoma (also known as plastic carcinoma) : Few see. Cut surface mass jelly-like translucent; Slice see cancer cells are small in number, accompanied by a great deal of mucus around, Clinical characteristics of slow tumor growth and metastasis late. 2. High differentiation of breast cancer : is characterized by high tumor cell differentiation and malignant less. (1) adenocarcinoma : rare starts in the acinar or small duct. Adenoid cells arranged in the structure. Clinical features : Masses often are relatively large, medium degree of malignancy and metastasis late. (2) ductal carcinoma (also known as the Tube Carcinoma) : No common origin, the small duct. Biopsy showed many extreme proliferation of breast tissue, the lumen was filled with cancer, the center part of cell necrosis can occur. Mass sect is gray and white semi-solid material-like particles with small lumen can squeeze out toothpaste membranes, like acne content. it is also called comedo cancer. This type of low malignant cancer, the night shift. (3) papillary carcinomas (also called papillary adenocarcinoma) : not a common origin in the near nipple duct. Or by the intraductal papillomatosis malignant tumor formation. This type of cancer - a longer, larger mass, sometimes cystic degeneration. A lower degree of malignancy and metastasis late. (4) Eczema carcinoma (also known as Paget's disease of nipple) : Few see originated in the big nipple duct. Vacuolar cancer, the nipple and areola skin deep infiltration development. Clinical characteristics of nipple and areola surrounding skin itching, rough, or thickening of the skin, mild erosion, accompanied by several kinds of gray and yellow crusts, etc.. This type of low malignant cancer, lymph node metastasis late. (C) transfer means : 1. Direct infiltration : direct penetrated the skin, chest muscle, such as breast tissue. 2. Lymphatic Metastasis : via breast of the lymph drainage channels (Figure 2 -6) proliferation. One of the major ways : (a) by the pectoralis major muscle cells lateral margin of lymphatic invasion ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes, then penetrated subclavian supraclavicular lymph nodes or lymph nodes; transfer to the supraclavicular lymph node cancer. Both by thoracic duct (left) or invasive ductal right lymphatic and venous flow to distant metastasis. (2) to the medial invasive cancer parasternal lymph nodes, then reached supraclavicular lymph nodes, After via the same channel hematogenous metastasis. The two main ways of lymph node metastasis, in general, the former majority; After a while the transfer means less But it happened after a poor prognosis. According to the information reported domestic, axillary lymph node metastasis rate of about 60%, parasternal lymph node metastasis rate of 30 ~ 35%. In addition, the primary breast cancer and metastatic sites means there are certain relationships. Generally speaking, axillary lymph node metastasis, primary tumor Most (80%) in the lateral quadrant of the breast; a parasternal lymph node metastasis, primary tumor, mostly (70%) in breast medial quadrant. 3. Transfer blood : the blood of breast cancer cells to distant metastasis occurred in the late But based on breast cancer patients after long-term effect of surveys and statistics, Some scholars believe that the blood of breast cancer metastasis likely to have taken place at an early stage, a small tumor in the form of hidden levels in the body Fatal become a hidden danger to the future. In addition to cancer cells by the lymphatic channels into the vein, can also directly invasive blood circulation. The most common distant metastases were lung, bone, liver. In bone metastasis, followed vertebrae, pelvis and femur. Good hair hematogenous metastasis of breast cancer is prominent biological characteristics, and this is the treatment of this disease lies the main reason for its failure, prevention of breast cancer is a very difficult problem. So a lot of people think breast cancer is not simply a local breast lesions, but also should be seen as systemic disease.