Pulmonary Edema

Outline the normal anatomy of the lungs and physiological mechanisms to maintain pulmonary interstitial and alveolar constant moisture in the humid conditions ideal. to facilitate the completion of lung function. If some reason pulmonary extravascular fluid volume increased even excessive infiltration of alveolar may change to the pathological state, called pulmonary edema (pulmonary edema). The clinical manifestations of respiratory distress, cyanosis, cough, cough or gutsy white bubble sputum, scattered wet lungs rales, Imaging showed the hilar center butterfly-like flake or fuzzy shadows. The prognosis of the disease and the basis of disease, pulmonary edema, the extent and availability of treatment for complications and close properly, great individual differences. According to cause predicate mechanism Pulmonary edema can be divided into the following categories because (Table 1) Table 1 classification of pulmonary edema due to the balance of forces I Starling change microvascular hydrostatic pressure increased : ① pulmonary venous pressure rise without left heart failure; ② heart failure secondary to the left pulmonary venous hypertension; ③ secondary pulmonary artery pressure increased in the lung microvascular hydrostatic pressure of the plasma colloid osmotic pressure reduction : hypoalbuminemia negative pressure increased microvessel around : ① application of negative pressure exhaust pumping higher in the treatment of pleural effusion or pneumothorax; ② acute airway obstruction and end-expiratory lung volume increased generate excessive negative pressure pleural cavity (asthma) II alveolar capillary membrane permeability change in pulmonary infections : bacteria, viruses and parasites inhaling poisonous gas : nitrogen dioxide, ozone, ammonia, chlorine, such as inflating circulation foreign body : Venom and bacterial toxins, such as acute gastric acid inhalation of radioactive pneumonia endogenous vasoconstrictor substances : histamine and bradykinin such as acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis Ⅲ lymphatic flow obstacles lung transplantation; lymphatic cancer; Fibrosis Lymphangitis of Ⅳ unknown reasons not entirely clear or high altitude pulmonary edema; Neurogenic pulmonary edema; Anesthetics excessive; pulmonary embolism; Convulsion