What are symptoms of polyuria easily confused?

　　1. Insipidus Diabetes insipidus is the hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction nervous, too little antidiuretic hormone secretion caused by the disease, clinical manifestations mad thirsty polydipsia, polyuria, dehydration. Laboratory diagnosis of dependence. Water deprivation test: test before you urinate, urine test, urine relative density, blood pressure, body weight, hematocrit, then cut water 8 ~ 12h, every 2 h voiding a repeat examination, diabetes insipidus, although the ban on water, but when the urinary volume is still more than the relative density does not increase, weight decrease due to water loss 1.5-2.5 kg, blood pressure may have decreased, increased hematocrit. Hypertonic saline test: test the water before the cut-off 8 h, water early in the morning within 1h kg of body weight per 20 ml, 30mi when inserting catheters, urine samples were collected every 15 min, measuring urine output, urine volume per minute calculation, when a continuous 2 times per minute than voiding 5ml. time to start intravenous infusion 2.5% NaCI solution (0.25 ml? kg-1? min-1), lasted 45 min, such as the drip drip completed during or within 30 min after the urine remains in even increased by 0.1 units while intravenous vasopressin, if hysterical over urinary stimulated by hypertonic saline can be enough antidiuretic hormone secretion, and decreased urine output; diabetes insipidus in patients with pituitary injection pressure must be After the urine volume was significantly reduced factor.
　　2. The typical history of diabetes should be more drinking, eating, urination, weight loss. Common in the elderly with atypical medical history, especially more common older obese, showing polydipsia and polyuria, and more food from time performance. Laboratory tests show high blood sugar diabetes, high urine sugar, insulin release and C-peptide inspection abnormal, atypical cases have to do glucose tolerance test or bread be confirmed test.
　　3. Polyuria attention renal kidney disease history, kidney function checks the performance of particular examination of renal tubular function abnormalities.
　　4. Primary aldosteronism in patients with refractory hypertension, refractory hypokalemia, periodic muscle flaccid paralysis, paralysis, convulsions and spasms. CT or MRI, can be found in adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia.
　　5. Primary hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid adenoma (90%) hypertrophy (10%) and cancer (rare), patients with polydipsia polyuria, muscle weakness weakness, nausea vomiting, constipation. Laboratory high blood calcium, high calcium, alkaline phosphatase increased. X-ray examination, bone decalcification, bone absorption.
　　6. Psychogenic polydipsia, polyuria resistant patients can often feel thirsty, this time can significantly reduce the amount of urine, while the relative density of urine can be increased to more than 1.015. Patients tend to also have a series of clinical manifestations of neurosis. Water deprivation test or a hypertonic saline test may identify with diabetes insipidus.
　　7. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus rare hereditary disease, hereditary diseases are often chromosomal abnormalities, genetic female, male disease, there is family history, but the disease may be generational. Born after the performance of polyuria, polydipsia, polyuria before more drink. Ban water test and hypertonic saline test to work.
　　8. Hypokalemia usually do not show more potassium in urine, only the long-term low potassium, such as more than 3 months, persistent hypokalemia, renal tubular degeneration, said that when the performance loss of potassium nephritis polyuria,
　　At this time of low potassium, high potassium in urine, renal tubular dysfunction is the clinical features.
　　9. Acute renal failure Acute renal failure in pre-clinical sub-renal failure, oliguria anuria period, polyuria phase and recovery phase 4, polyuria period is characterized by gradual increase in urine output is generally divided in three forms: jump, increase in daily urine output above 100%, this type of good prognosis; stepped increase in daily urine output of 50% -100% of the volume increase, this type of prognosis is good; slowly increasing type, daily urine volume of 50 % or less, on behalf of renal function recovery is not complete or there are new factors that affect kidney function, common infections, renal toxicity of drugs or electrolyte imbalance, should be resolved in time, this type of oliguria anuria period usually longer, often exceeding half months, some patients can be directly transition to the chronic renal failure, cause permanent kidney damage. About l / 3 of the cases, the incidence of acute renal failure from the beginning that the performance of urination, polyuria, said acute renal failure.
　　10. Chronic renal failure Chronic renal failure early, often show more urine, mainly increased nocturia, renal tubular concentration on behalf of dysfunction, this time in urine relative density is low, often fixed at l.010-l.012, low urinary osmolality , the performance of radionuclide renogram curve low and flat.
　　11. Obstructive nephropathy is a major group involved in renal interstitial - renal disease is also called a small tube - interstitial nephritis. The complexity of its causes, common in infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms; immune dysfunction; renal toxic damage; kidney blood supply of metabolic diseases such as hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia; physical factors seen in a long-term exposure to X ray or cancer radiotherapy ; urinary tract obstruction caused by reflux nephropathy and polycystic kidney disease and other hereditary diseases. The cause different clinical manifestations are different, but their common feature is interstitial, tubular damage, as tubular damage, while the concentration of small tube dysfunction, the performance of polyuria.
　　Polyuria for different reasons, very different history, careful questioning of Endocrinology and Metabolism diseases, kidney disease history, medication history and other applications. Note dehydration medical examination, musculoskeletal examination, neurological examination is the focus of reflection. Biochemical laboratory tests to blood acid-base balance, water and electrolyte checks for the necessary means. Suspected multiple myeloma bone marrow examination can be diagnosed when repeated. X ray film. CT, MRL examination, we find that bone damage, as well as organs of the structure of demineralized size and so on.